Sexual Differentiation in Domestic Animals - Flow Chart

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Sexual Differentiation in Domestic Animals
Sexual Differentiation in Domestic Animals - Flow Chart

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Different "EFFECT"s in Reproduction (Bruce, Whitten, Lee boot, Vandenbergh, Coolidge, McClintock, Dormitory, Audience effect)

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Bruce effect            1.   It is also known as pregnancy block effect.        2.  It refers to the spontaneous abortion or reabsorption of the embryo in the female by exposure to an unfamiliar male. Exposure to the odour of a strange male activates a neuroendocrine reflex leading to implantation failure. Whitten effect           1.  In the presence of adult male, his pheromones induce estrus in female.          2.  Female animals undergo estrus synchronization, if a group of female animals housed together with a male or when a male animal introduced into the group of females. Likewise, pheromones produced by male sheep and goats can induce out-of-season ovulation in females (“male effect”). 3. Nearly 50% of the does will be in estrus on the third day after introduction of a buck. Lee-Boot effect           Groups ...
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GONADOSTAT THEORY

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GONADOSTAT THEORY OF PUBERTY:      The gonadostat theory was proposed by Hohlweg , 1931     1. During prepuberty, sensitivity to the negative feedback actions of gonadal steroids is highest, resulting in a low release of GnRH and gonadotropins.      2. Initiation of puberty is secondary to a decrease in sensitivity to gonadal steroid feedback inhibition , resulting in increased GnRH and gonadotropin release, until a new equilibrium level is reached in adulthood. Example:        Failure of prepubertal ewe lamb to undergo ovulation and oestrus is due to the high threshold for the positive feedback is lowered, thus there is no LH surge. At puberty, the threshold is lowered, thus allowing the pituitary to respond.
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Do Calves or Heifers Produce Milk? Can a Cow Produce Milk Without going through Pregnancy?

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Many people will answer NO. But "YES", it can happen rarely. This condition is known as "precocious mammary development and lactation" A calf or heifer can produce milk without going through pregnancy due to following reasons. 1. Constant suckling by other heifers. 2. Feeding of estrogen containing plants (e.g. Alfalfa, Red clover) 3. Feeding of spoiled fodder that contains estrogenic mycotoxin (Zearalenone) 4. Presence of tumor in the granulosa cells of ovary, which raises blood estrogen concentration. 5. Placental transfer of steroid from mother to fetus stimulates milk secretion in newborn. Treatment Strategies *Isolation of affected animal for 6 wks will relieve the symptoms. *Remove estrogenic plants in the grazing area if any. *Replace dry fodders if it is stored for long term or wet. *Rectal palpation of ovary for tumor. Culling is the best option if it's present.      Artificial induction of milk production It is performed r...
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